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Tim Cook
Several book publishers have already settled their cases

Apple conspired with publishers to fix the price of electronic books, a US judge has ruled.
Manhattan Judge Denise Cote said the iPad maker "conspired to restrain trade".
But the firm's spokesman, Tom Neumayr, said Apple would appeal against the ruling and fight "false allegations".
Five publishers that were originally named as defendants alongside Apple have already reached settlements, including Penguin.
The judge ordered a new hearing to determine damages to be imposed on Apple.
The US Department of Justice said the conspiracy was designed to challenge online retailer Amazon's dominance of the fast-growing e-books market.
Penguin settled its case for $75m (£49m). Hachette, HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster created a $69m fund for refunds to consumers, while Macmillan settled for $26m.
Continue reading the main story

Analysis

image of Samira HussainSamira HussainBBC business reporter, New York
This is certainly a big win for the US government. But what's interesting is how it proved its case.
It was the collusion between publishers and Apple that caught the eye of regulators and led to today's decision.
The court relied heavily on incriminating internal emails from Apple's Senior Vice President, Eddy Cue, to each of the publishers named in the lawsuit.
It also relied on testimony from the late Steve Jobs. Yes, Steve Jobs.
That came from transcripts of interviews with Walter Isaacson, the author of Mr Jobs' biography.
Judge Cote said: "The plaintiffs have shown that the publisher defendants conspired with each other to eliminate retail price competition in order to raise e-book prices, and that Apple played a central role in facilitating and executing that conspiracy.
"Without Apple's orchestration of this conspiracy, it would not have succeeded as it did in the spring of 2010," she said.
Fight continues
US Assistant Attorney General Bill Baer called the ruling "a victory for millions of consumers who choose to read books electronically".
He said the judge agreed with the Justice Department and 33 state attorneys general that executives at the highest levels of Apple orchestrated a conspiracy with five major publishers to raise prices.
"Through today's court decision and previous settlements with five major publishers, consumers are again benefiting from retail price competition and paying less for their e-books,'' Mr Baer said.
Consumer groups in the US cheered the news.
"If we let companies get away with this type of price fixing, consumers will be denied a substantial part of the benefits of the digital revolution," said Dr Mark Cooper of the Consumer Federation of America, which had filed a supporting brief in the case.
But after the ruling, Mr Neumayr insisted that Apple had brought innovation and competition to the market, not restricted it.
"Apple did not conspire to fix e-book pricing and we will continue to fight against these false accusations,'' he said. "We've done nothing wrong."
Warning to others
Previously, Apple's attorney, Orin Snyder, had told the court that Judge Cote would set a "dangerous precedent" if she concluded that Apple manipulated e-book prices.
However, Columbia University law professor Scott Hemphill said today's ruling was narrow and would be unlikely to set any legal precedent.
"It may send some signals to tech companies about what they can and can't do," said Prof Hemphill.
"But the precedential value is limited because the ruling is by a district court."
However, he added that the judge in this case took particular pains to anticipate a challenge from Apple - something that chief executive Tim Cook hinted at earlier this year, when he dismissed the idea of a settlement.

Traffic





Air pollution is harming people with weak hearts - even killing them, a big international study reveals.
Experts estimate the toll includes thousands of Britons each year.
The British Heart Foundation, which funded The Lancet work, says the UK must clean up its air - many of its cities often exceed safe levels set by the European Union.
The government has already admitted that in 15 regions, air quality will breach EU limits until 2020.
But Defra says it is committed to improving air quality and that most parts of the UK meet EU air quality limits for all pollutants.
Air pollution, largely from traffic fumes, has previously been linked to heart attacks but not heart failure.
This happens when the heart muscle becomes weak and less good at its job of pumping blood around the body. It is often the consequence of a heart attack and affects more than 750,000 people in the UK.
Deep into lungs
The Lancet research looked at 35 studies with data for thousands of patients in 12 countries, including the UK, the US and China.
Heart failure patient Joanne Ward says pollution makes her condition worse
The strongest link was found with gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, as well as fine particulate air pollution - fumes from buses, taxis and lorries that can get deep into the lungs and, from there, into the bloodstream.
People with already weakened hearts who were exposed to high levels, by living near to or travelling along busy roads, for example, were particularly susceptible.
And the increased risk seems to be strongest on the day of exposure.
Dr Anoop Shah and colleagues who carried out the work say moderate reductions in air pollution could avoid 8,000 US hospital admissions for heart failure each year.
"There's no reason why the impact wouldn't be similar in the UK."
Alan Andrews of the lobby group Client Earth said: "The UK has a big problem with air pollution, particularly from road traffic, and the government response sadly has been worse than useless."
He said people should be alerted when pollution levels are high so that they can take measures to protect themselves, by staying indoors when possible and avoiding busy roads.
According to the World Health Organization, air pollution in towns and cities kills 1.3 million people globally each year.
UK estimates suggest nearly 30,000 people die prematurely each year as a direct result of exposure to air pollution. Air pollution has been linked to asthma and other lung diseases, including cancer, as well as heart problems.
The Chief Medical Officer recently highlighted the impact of air pollution in her first annual report on the state of the nation's health - air pollution was highlighted among the top 10 causes of mortality in the UK.
Boy getting his MMR jab
Thousands of people had MMR jabs at drop-in clinics

Some parents are still ignoring the message to immunise their children against measles, an inquiry into the Swansea outbreak has heard.

A GP at the centre of the recent epidemic said some people had been invited to get their children vaccinated with the MMR jab 15 times.
Ian Millington gave evidence to the Welsh assembly's health committee.
The inquiry into the outbreak began on Wednesday, a week after it was declared over.
More than 1,200 people fell ill, 88 visited hospital and one person died in the outbreak which began in November.
The response cost Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board an estimated £470,000.
The health board offered 35,000 vaccinations, including more than 5,000 for 10 to 18-year-olds - the main age group affected.
Last month the board said 95% of children and teenagers in Swansea, Neath Port Talbot and Bridgend had received one MMR jab for the first time.
So-called herd immunity is reached when 95% have had both doses.
Continue reading the main story

Measles: Timeline

Syringe
  • 1988: Combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is introduced to the UK
  • 1998: Dr Andrew Wakefield's now discredited research is published linking the MMR jab to autism
  • 2003: MMR uptake for two-year-olds falls from a peak of 94% in 1995 to 78% by 2003. In Swansea it fell to 67.5%
  • November 2012: Swansea outbreak starts when a small number of children return with measles from a holiday camp in south-west England
  • November 28: The first outbreak control meeting takes place. Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board agrees to provide a vaccination session for susceptible pupils in schools
  • Early 2013: Around 10 to 20 suspected measles cases are reported per week
  • February 2013: By 7 February a total of 168 notifications have been received. A nationally-led response starts and a senior team meets for the first time on 18 February. The whole of the health board area is treated as an outbreak area
  • 18 April: Gareth Colfer-Williams, 25, is found dead at home in Port Tennant, Swansea. An inquest later found he died from pneumonia after contracting measles
  • 22 April: There is a rapid increase in cases. The outbreak reaches its peak, with nearly 200 notifications in a single week
  • 22 May: Last laboratory-confirmed case
  • 3 July: Outbreak declared over
Dr Millington, secretary of Abertawe Bro Morgannwg Local Medical Committee, said that until the outbreak the health service had been "fighting a losing battle" because of the now discredited research linking MMR to autism.
"There was a refusal to have immunisation in the cohort that had not been immunised despite very considerable effort. Having said that we've offered it whenever we can wherever we can," he said.
"Some of the responses we get are really quite difficult. 'Mind your own business.'
"People say 'Every time I come here you ask me about my child's immunisation status. Why don't you mind your own business?'
"That's a very difficult conversation to have. I do think we've tried everything else. Once the outbreak started I think things were different and I think different methods were used and I think they were effective.
"But it is surprising how many people did not listen to the message and it's surprising how many people have still not listened to the message - they don't want to hear it."
A drop in the number of children getting the MMR vaccine in Swansea 10 years ago has been blamed on the coverage of a link between autism and the MMR jab in the local press at the time. The link has since been discredited.
Uptake of the vaccine for two-year-olds in Wales fell from a quarterly peak of 94% in 1995 to 78% by 2003. In Swansea it fell to 67.5%.
It meant the region had a "vulnerable" age group, AMs were told.
Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board said Wales should capitalise from the boost in immunisations by launching a publicity campaign about MMR, particularly targeted at teenagers.
In evidence to the committee, Betsi Cadwaladr health board, which covers north Wales, said it had faced costs of £90,000.
Aneurin Bevan health board in south east Wales spent £60,000 on its emergency measles plan.
The Welsh government has praised the response to the outbreak, saying Wales had a public health system "capable of leading and co-ordinating an intense and effective effort".
"This enabled services to respond quickly and establish processes to deliver large numbers of vaccinations efficiently and effectively outside routine arrangements," it said.
However, the Welsh Conservatives said a full public inquiry was needed to learn the lessons of the outbreak.
In its evidence, the British Medical Association (BMA) said: "A lack of experience in identifying the disease, both in the population and amongst medical and nursing staff, also meant that these initial cases might not have been diagnosed swiftly."
Consideration was given to quarantining susceptible people, but it was judged that there was unlikely to be political or public support for the move, the BMA said.
When the outbreak reached "the explosive growth stage", the NHS "leapt to respond", it added.




Egypt's state prosecutor has issued an arrest warrant for the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohamed Badie, and at least nine other senior figures.
Mr Badie is accused of inciting the violence in Cairo on Monday in which more than 50 people were killed.
Many Brotherhood members are already in detention and warrants are said to have been been issued for hundreds more.
Meanwhile, a foreign ministry spokesman has said ousted President Mohammed Morsi is being held in a "safe place".
Badr Abdul Atti told reporters he did not know where the 61 year old was, but that he was being treated in a "very dignified manner".
"For his own safety and for the safety of the country, it is better to keep him in a safe place. Otherwise, the consequences will be dire," he added.
Mr Abdul Atti is reported to have denied that Mr Morsi was being detained at the Presidential Guard barracks in Cairo, as many believe.
The Brotherhood, to which he belongs, says his ousting by the military a week ago amounted to a coup.
Its supporters have since been staging protests outside the capital's Rabaa al-Adawiya mosque, not far from the barracks, demanding his release and reinstatement.

The movement's political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), has said it will not accept an offer to join the cabinet being set up by interim Prime Minister Hazem al-Beblawi, a 76-year-old economist and former finance minister who was appointed on Tuesday.
The arrest warrants could scupper any attempts to persuade the Brotherhood to participate in the transitional political process.
'Remain peaceful'
Spokesman Gehad el-Haddad said the charges against Mr Badie, known as the General Guide, and other senior leaders, were "nothing more than an attempt by the police state to dismantle the Rabaa protest".
Prosecutors also said they had ordered 200 people - believed to be Brotherhood members - to be held in custody for at least 15 days pending further investigation into accusations of murder, incitement to violence, carrying unlicensed weapons and disrupting public order. Another 450 have been released on bail.
There were conflicting reports about what happened on Monday, with the interim authorities being accused of a cover-up.
The Brotherhood maintains that soldiers carried out a massacre of peaceful demonstrators, who had been taking part in dawn prayers outside the Presidential Guard barracks.
But the police and the military say they acted in self-defence, and had opened fire only after being attacked by armed assailants.
More than 50 Brotherhood supporters were killed, as well as a soldier and two policemen.
On Wednesday, 15 leading Egyptian human rights groups expressed their "strong condemnation of the excessive use of force" against Brotherhood supporters, and called for an independent investigation into Monday's violence.
Continue reading the main story
Relatives of those killed in Monday's clashes in Cairo plead with mortuary officials for their bodies to be released (9 July 2013)
  • Egypt authorities accused of cover-up
  • Egypt clashes: Divided views
  • Is Egypt heading for holy war?
The previous Friday, Mr Badie had appeared at a rally outside the mosque, telling the crowd: "We shall stay in the squares until we bring President Morsi back to power."
He said their protests would remain peaceful and called on the army not to "direct your arms against us".
The BBC's Jim Muir, in Cairo, says the protest now covers several square kilometres of the capital, and to clear it out forcibly would almost certainly involve further bloodshed.
There is a feeling among the protesters that they have returned to the situation they were in under former President Hosni Mubarak, when the movement was banned and its members hunted down, our correspondent adds.
The timetable for new elections, announced in a constitutional declaration by interim President Adly Mansour on Monday evening, laid out plans to set up a panel to amend the suspended constitution within 15 days.
The changes would then be put to a referendum - to be organised within four months - which would pave the way for parliamentary elections, possibly in early 2014.
Continue reading the main story

Adly Mansour's transition timeline

  • Panel formed within 15 days to review constitution
  • Constitutional amendments to be finalised and put to referendum in four months
  • Parliamentary elections to be held by early 2014
  • Presidential elections to be called once new parliament convenes
Once the new parliament convenes, elections would be called to appoint a new president.
A spokesman for Mr Mansour said posts in the cabinet would be offered to the FJP, but senior party official Mohamed Kamal told the BBC: "We will never take part in any cabinet as long as Morsi is not back as a president."
The FJP's deputy chairman, Essam al-Erian, earlier said the constitutional declaration had been issued "by a man appointed by putschists". The text does make clear that Mr Mansour and his government draw their authority only from the commander of the armed forces, who deposed President Morsi.
The main liberal coalition, the National Salvation Front (NSF), expressed reservations about the decree, saying it was not consulted and that it "lacks significant clauses while others need change or removal".
The grassroots Tamarod protest movement, which organised the demonstrations that led to Mr Morsi's overthrow, said the decree gave too much power to Mr Mansour.
Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait - who are opponents of the Muslim Brotherhood - have promised Egypt's interim government $12bn (£8bn) in grants, loans, and gas and oil.



Whether or not Nasa’s Voyager has become the first object to leave our solar system, Quentin Cooper wants to know what will happen if it meets extraterrestrial life?

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Will we ever… find life in space?
Parkes radio telescope (Copyright: Getty Images)
In search of aliens
(Copyright: SPL)
Searching for a starship
Onward bound
Infographic: Voyager’s journey
Nasa's Voyager 1 spacecraft is on target to become the first man-made object to reach the edge of the Solar System. It has taken it 35 years to get there - how long would it take you?
Are we there yet? Don’t know. Are we there yet? Don’t know. Are we there yet?  Don’t know.
Thankfully there are no small children aboard Voyager 1 because for more than a year scientists have been squabbling over whether the spacecraft has now left our solar system. In recent days evidence has grown that departure is imminent. But some believe there’s still a way to go. You might think that whether it has or not isn’t too important, or that Nasa could work it out just by knowing the probe’s speed and how long it’s been travelling. But it is important. And they can’t work it out.
If Voyager 1 does make it beyond the sun’s influence and out into interplanetary space, it will be not just the first spacecraft but the first artefact of our species to do so: a potential major step on the path to humankind becoming more than a local phenomenon. That was part of Voyager’s mission from the start. As well as sending back data it was designed to send out a message, to act as a cosmic calling card.
When Voyagers 1 and 2 were launched in 1977, even though every gram of payload had to be justified, there was room on board each for a gold record remarkably like the ones given to singers and bands who’ve had a big selling album. Both even have a label in the centre which reads “The Sounds of Earth”. Although “Now That’s What I Call Humans” might have been a better title as the LP – that’s what it is, not a CD or DVD but a good old long player – features not just sounds but also pictures designed to give any aliens that chanced upon it a flavour of life here.
Intergalactic junk mail
The contents were chosen by a committee chaired by the astronomer and science presenter Carl Sagan. Alongside the only-to-be-expected bursts of bird- and whale-song, the greetings in scores of living and dead languages, and snippets of Beethoven and Bach, there are other less predictable inclusions. A pygmy girls’ initiation rite, Chuck Berry singing Johnny B Goode (but no other rock or pop), and an hour – a whole hour – of the brainwaves of Anne Druyan, later Mrs Carl Sagan.
Sagan said at the time “the spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilisations in interstellar space”. All of  which glosses over that locating a small probe amid the sheer vastness of interstellar space would be akin to trying to find a needle by searching every haystack on the planet. Such details, though, rather spoil the fun. It’s a richly resonant idea that sending something beyond our solar system is the way to get yourselves noticed by whoever, whatever may be out there. And it is always possible these aliens have some unimaginable-to-us technology which detects and intercepts anything unusual in interstellar space.   
What if that happened? Suppose extra-terrestrials listened to the Golden Record and then set course for Earth hoping to meet Bach and Berry but only found Beyonce and Bruno Mars? Would that be sufficient cause for them to unleash global genocide, or at least sue us under the Planetary Description Act? Or if they are able to detect and intercept interstellar space oddities, perhaps they regularly pick up messages from primitive civilisations like ours. For them a Voyager probe could just be junk mail.


Many of us categorise ourselves as either optimist or pessimist, but what can science tell us about how we got that way and can we change, asks Michael Mosley.
Debbie and Trudi are identical twins.
They have much in common, except that Trudi is cheerful and optimistic while Debbie is prone to bouts of profound depression.
It is likely that her depression was triggered by a major life event, though the twins have different views as to what that event might have been.
By studying a group of identical twins like Debbie and Trudi, Prof Tim Spector, based at St Thomas' hospital in London, has been trying to answer fundamental questions about how our personality is formed. Why are some people more positive about life than others?
Continue reading the main story

About the author

Michael Mosley
  • Michael Mosley is a medical journalist, TV presenter and trained doctor
  • He has regularly explored scientific questions by experimenting on himself, and has been credited with popularising the 5:2 diet
Spector has been able to identify a handful of genes which are switched on in one twin and not the other.
Twin studies suggest that, when it comes to personality, about half the differences between us are because of genetic factors. But Spector points out that throughout our lives, in response to environmental factors, our genes are constantly being dialled up and down as with a dimmer switch, a process known as epigenetics.
With twins like Trudi and Debbie they have found changes in just five genes in the brain's hippocampus which they believe have triggered depression in Debbie.
Spector, who describes himself as an optimist, hopes that this research will lead to improved treatments for depression and anxiety.
"We used to say," he told me, "that we can't change our genes. We now know there are these mini mechanisms that can switch them on and off. We're regaining control, if you like, of our genes."
Michael Mosley sitting in the middle of twins Debbie and TrudiTrudi (l) is an optimist whereas her twin Debbie has suffered from depression
Even more surprising is research which has identified changes in the activity of genes caused by the presence or absence of maternal love.

Prof Michael Meaney, from McGill University in Canada, is investigating ways to measure how many glucocorticoid receptors are activated in someone's brain.
The number of active glucocorticoid receptors is an indicator of that person's ability to withstand stress. It may also be a measure of how well mothered they were at a young age - reflecting how anxious and stressed their mothers were, and how this impacted on the amount of affection they received in their early years.
I am one of a small handful of people who have done their test and had the results. I haven't told my mother yet.
I see myself as being more at the pessimistic end of the spectrum but would like to change, so I went to visit psychologist and neuroscientist Prof Elaine Fox at her laboratory at Essex University.
Fox is interested in how our "affective mindset", the way we view the world, shapes us. As well as using questionnaires she and her team look for specific patterns of brain activity.
They began by measuring the levels of electrical activity on the two sides of my brain with an electroencephalograph. It turns out I have more electrical activity in my right frontal cortex than my left. This, Fox explains, is associated with people who are prone to higher levels of pessimism and anxiety.
Michael Mosley with an electroencephalograph cap on to measure his brain's electrical activity
Then I did another test, designed to measure my "negative bias". Still wired up I was asked to press a button whenever I saw dots flashing in a particular pattern behind faces being displayed on a computer screen. I was asked not to focus on the faces, just on the dots.
"Sometimes," Fox says afterwards, "there was an angry face near the dots, sometimes a happy face. Your response time to the dots was faster when they appeared near the angry face.

"The reason you were faster is because your attention had already been drawn to the angry face, even though you may not have been aware of that."
The tests confirmed I have a fundamentally negative bias. To counter this, Elaine suggested I try a short course of CBM (cognitive bias modification) and mindfulness meditation.
Being a pessimist, constantly on the lookout for things that can go wrong, leads to increased stress and anxiety. And it's more than just a state of mind. It's powerfully connected to your health.
In one study, which started in 1975, scientists asked more than a thousand inhabitants of the town of Oxford, Ohio, to fill in a questionnaire about jobs, health, family and attitudes towards growing older.
Decades later Prof Becca Levy of Yale University tracked down what had happened. When Levy went through the death records she found that those who had felt the most optimistic about growing older had lived, on average, around seven and a half years longer than those who were more pessimistic.
It was a striking finding and took into account other possible explanations, such as the fact that people who were more pessimistic may have been influenced by prior sickness or depression.
Similar results emerged from a study of nuns done by Deborah Danner and others at the University of Kentucky. They looked at the diaries of 180 Catholic nuns, written when they had entered their nunneries in the 1930s.
Four Catholic nuns in a rowNuns living in a closed community are good for a scientific study because they have very similar environmental experiences, allowing more robust comparison
They then rigorously scored these diaries for optimistic or pessimistic outlook. Nuns who live in a closed community are a good group to study because they live in the same environment for most of their lives, eating the same foods and having similar experiences.
When the researchers traced what had happened to the nuns they discovered that those who expressed the most positive emotions about life when they were in their early 20s lived up to 10 years longer than those who expressed the least.
As for me, after seven weeks of doing mindfulness meditation and CBM I felt much calmer and returned to Prof Fox's lab for more tests. The results were extremely encouraging.
It seems that even later in life you can change your outlook. Even for the pessimists, that should be worth celebrating.




Some of the largest economies in Asia have seen big movements in the value of their currencies in recent months.
Other than domestic factors, the potential tapering off of the US Federal Reserve's cheap cash injections is partly responsible for the volatility.
The US central bank's moves had allowed billions of dollars of inflows into emerging economies, and now that money is leaving and it is having an impact on their economies.
For some countries in the region which rely on exports to drive growth, it helps to have a weaker currency. For others that have to import a lot of what the country needs, it is not beneficial.
Our correspondents around the region have been finding out how the currency movements are affecting people and businesses.

Indian rupee - Yogita Limaye, Mumbai

Yogita Limaye on the fall in the value of the rupee
India's currency has been in freefall recently. Over the past few months the rupee has fallen nearly 15% touching record lows and crossing the psychological level of 60 to the US dollar. Stock markets have been in disarray due to the currency's poor performance.
India's finance minister, P Chidambaram, has indicated that this is a global trend and so there isn't any reason to panic, but the Indian rupee has been among the worst performing currencies in Asia.
Some economists say that the recent slide has been due to global factors, particularly because of the strengthening of the dollar and signals from the US that it may start cutting down on stimulus spending.
Several sectors are being badly affected, prime among these, are petroleum companies and automotive manufacturers who rely heavily on imports. The falling rupee could widen India's current account deficit, which has already been a big concern for the country.
Analysts say what is more worrying than the weak level of the currency is how volatile it's been over the last few months.
Many firms have put a hold on business, waiting for some stability. "I'm not taking any new imports, any new consignments until there is some stabilisation. We fear that the dollar may even go to 65 rupees," says Lal Hazari, an electrical goods dealer in Mumbai.
The currency fall comes at a bad time for India. The country has just begun to recover from the slowest growth in a decade, and a weakening rupee may hurt any recent improvements in the country's economic situation.
Inflation, which has been easing in recent months could rise again. Gas and oil prices have already been hiked. Experts say the currency depreciation could also have an impact on the fiscal deficit, which has been narrowing over the past few months.
While India's central bank has stepped in a few times to sell dollars and stem the slide, experts say that these are only short-term measures and what the country needs are long-term solutions like kickstarting the investment cycle in India and increasing foreign cash inflows.

Philippine peso - Jennifer Pak, Hong Kong

Jennifer Pak meets Filipino maids who are finding that they can send less back home
Capital flows into Asia have pushed up the Philippine peso against the US dollar and one of the groups feeling the pinch the most is overseas workers.
Domestic helpers in Hong Kong may earn less than half of the average salary in the Chinese territory, but they are able to boost local consumption and support their families back in the Philippines.
Myrna Nejar is one of the 159,000 Filipino maids in Hong Kong feeling the pressure. The wage she earns supports her daughter, granddaughter and elderly mother back in the Philippines.
Just before the global financial crisis hit in 2008, Ms Nejar sent three-quarters of her salary back home. Since the local currency is pegged to the US dollar it amounted to roughly 16,700 Philippine pesos.
But after successive rounds of quantitative easing by the US Federal Reserve, the US dollar has weakened and investment flowing into the Philippines has diluted the value of Ms Nejar's wage.
She is now sending roughly 20% less Philippine pesos back home.
It's a big adjustment for her 79-year-old mother Sophia Nejar. "I have to budget very carefully now. I eat less meat so that I can still buy my medicine and milk," she tells the BBC through an internet-based video call from her home in the Philippine province of Antique.
Filipino maids try to find ways to send home the same amount of Philippine peso as before. Many resort to borrowing. Others cut back on their own spending in Hong Kong on food and clothing.
The sacrifices made by domestic helpers worked. Last year, they were among the millions of overseas Filipinos who sent a record $21bn to the Philippines. It has moved families out of slums and helped them join the emerging middle class.
For many domestic helpers in Hong Kong though, it's a struggle to keep up the momentum.

Chinese yuan - John Sudworth, Shanghai

John Sudworth on the strengthening yuan
Ten years ago this month a group of senators wrote a letter to the US Treasury Secretary urging him to stop China cheating on its currency, and they've been at it ever since.
Just last month yet another attempt was made to introduce a law designed, in large part, to punish China for keeping the yuan, or renminbi, artificially weak.
It may have appreciated some 35% since 2003, the argument goes, but it is still too weak. Just look at the growing trade deficit.
A trip to the EAE Automotive Equipment Company factory in Suzhou, in eastern China, suggests Washington might have a point.
Up to 80% of the hydraulic vehicle lifts made here are for export.
The boss, Zhang Shujun, tells me that the rising currency is not yet causing real pain because much of it has been offset by the falling price of Chinese steel.
Nonetheless, they are noticing an effect - this year alone a 3% dip in profits, she says, directly as a result of the renminbi price. She is not keen for it to strengthen further, faster.
The more interesting question though is not about the correct value of the renminbi right now. Rather, it is about why China has been allowing it to strengthen, albeit slowly, for the past 10 years.
The answer might be something to do with the now well-documented great Chinese rebalancing act - the shifting of priorities away from an export and investment based economy.
A stronger currency, of course, helps in this regard, by boosting consumer demand. So some analysts expect the renminbi to continue its steady trajectory for a little while longer.
Maybe all the US needs is a bit more patience.

South Korean won - Lucy Williamson, Seoul

Lucy Williamson on the impact of the yen's weakness on Japanese tourist arrivals in South Korea
South Korea is paying close attention to Japan's new economic policies.
Nicknamed "Abenomics" after Japan's new, nationalist prime minister, the new policies have led to a dramatic shift in the value of the yen.
This has made Korean goods more expensive for Japanese consumers - a worrying trend for South Korea, which relies on exports.
Trade between the two countries was worth more than $100bn last year - less than half that between South Korea and China, but nevertheless still enough to make Tokyo one of Seoul's top trading partners.
Some smaller companies say it's they who are bearing the brunt of that currency volatility, as Korea's big multinationals which underpin the economy pass on the costs to their contractors.
But the weakening yen has also made Korea itself more expensive for the Japanese to visit. South Korea's Tourism Organisation says the number of Japanese visitors increased by around a third in the first half of last year, but has since declined, with no sign of a rebound.
Seoul's restaurants, shopping malls and popstars are all big draws for Japanese visitors - many of whom return year after year.
"Of course the exchange rate is a problem," says Choi Yoon Jea, the head of a kimchi-making school set up for tourists in Seoul, "because the biggest reason Japanese come here is for shopping."
But many of those in the industry, including Mr Choi, say there's more to the drop in visitors than simple economics - and that politics is playing a part as well, as the ongoing diplomatic coolness between the two countries continues.

Australian dollar - Phil Mercer, Sydney

Phil Mercer on problems caused by Australia's strong currency
The over-achieving Australian dollar has spent much of the past three years lording it above its American cousin.
Life beyond parity with the greenback has been especially painful for Australian manufacturers and tourism. It has made imports cheaper, and has sent the price of many exports soaring.
"It's largely changed the landscape of the Australian industrial outlook," says Michael McCarthy, an analyst at CMC Markets. "A high Australian dollar meant that our rigid labour markets and high cost of labour has put most of manufacturing into an uncompetitive position."
To survive, firms have had to innovate. Competition from China and Taiwan has forced Lifestyle BBQs, a family-run company in Sydney, to shift its focus away from the low-cost end of the market, to premium sales.
"There are a lot of products available to customers who want to purchase a barbecue at very low prices, because of the high Australian dollar," says owner Blair Boaden. "You can walk into a store and it's available for between 400 and 800 [Australian] dollars. And it all seems perfectly adequate. Whereas our product sells in the equivalent form for between 2,500 and 3,500 dollars."
However, in recent months there have been many pressures on the Aussie dollar; from the strength of the US and Chinese economies, to interest rates and the softening of the mining boom.
And that has provided some much-needed relief for those weighed down by a muscular currency. The mighty "Aussie" has lost more than 10% of its value since mid-April.
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